大見出しでの冠詞の使い方

Someone asked me a great question today about an article that we studied. The title of the document was "Lingua Franca", and it started with a sentence from Wikipedia that read:

• English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language "as a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages”.
• lingua franca〈イタリア語〉〔異なる言語を話す人同士の〕共通語、補助言語◆通例、通商を行うときに使われるもので、ピジン英語（pidgin English）などが含まれる。(definition from Eijiro on the Web)

The question was:

Why is there no article before Lingua Franca in the title? ... the first sentence has an article before "lingua franca".

• article《文法》冠詞 (definition from Eijiro on the Web) 

If you pay attention to headlines, you will notice that articles are almost always dropped. Here are some examples from today's news:

• Turkish, Lebanese hostages home after release deal ←Turkish and Lebanese hostages are home after a release deal.
• Strike could have long-term impact on unions ← The strike could have a long-term impact on unions.
• Car bomb, clashes kill over 30 near Syrian capital ←A car bomb and clashes have killed over 30 near the Syrian capital.

I was taught that there is a historical reason for that. Newspapers wanted to make the headline as big as possible so that the newspaper would sell well. If they removed the articles, they could make the headline shorter and thus bigger. Since native speakers could guess the articles from the context (especially since it is written and not spoken), it was thought to be OK.

Here's a good article on the other grammar points in headlines:

http://chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2013/02/18/the-grammar-of-newspaper-headlines/

Thanks for paying close attention!

「台風の影響で」は英語でどう言う？

We were talking about the consequences of the last typhoon the other day. Somebody told me about an event cancellation:

× It was cancelled by typhoon.

○ It was cancelled because of the typhoon.

The typhoon didn't cancel the event. The organizers cancelled it. The reason that they cancelled it was the typhoon.

There's a typhoon passing Japan right now, but I don't think that anything in Tokyo is going to be cancelled. It seems that we will luckily avoid this one.

During the last typhoon, I was scheduled to be in the recording studio, and I almost cancelled the recording because of the typhoon. As it turned out, there was hardly any rain in Tokyo, and we went ahead with the recording session.

• go ahead with 〔計画・仕事などを〕進める、推進する、強行する (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

Of course, Kyoto wasn't so lucky. I hope there won't be much damage because of this typhoon. If you're in it's path, take care!

• in the path of the typhoon《be ～》台風の進路に当たる (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

「play、go、do」の正しい使い方

This is one mistake I often hear in class.

x "I often play snowboarding in winter."
o  I often go snowboarding in winter.

Now how about yoga?  Is it play yoga? Do yoga?  Or go yoga?
Here is an easy guide to help you remember and use them correctly:

Use play (play + ball sport noun) when:

• you are talking about a ball or ball-like sport.  
• (Ex.) I played soccer in my schooldays.  

• you are talking about a competitive game.
• (Ex.) Have you ever played poker online?
• (Ex.) I like playing scrabble, which is a kind of word game.

Use do (do + noun) when:

• you are talking about a sport which doesn't use a ball.
• (Ex.) My son does kendo on the weekends.
• (Ex.) I am interested in doing yoga.

• you are talking about a recreational activity.
• (Ex.) I do sudoku during my commute.
• (Ex.) My daughter is good at doing crossword puzzles.

Use go (go + verb+ing):

• with verb+ing
• (Ex.) I used to go bowling with my friends on Saturday nights.

• Another way to remember it is that you you have to go somewhere to do this activity.   
• (Ex.) John wants to go surfing this summer.

See you if you can complete the sentences below correctly.

1. Do you think ___________ poker online is dangerous? 
2. Have you ever ______________ aerobics? 
3. My friends are planning to __________ camping next summer. 
4. Do you ever ____________ crossword puzzles? 
5. In the summer I usually ____________ swimming in the morning. 
6. I wish I could __________ basketball like Michael Jordan. 

大洋ペーパーは英語の使い方に注意した方が良い。

There's an office building that I frequently visit. The maintenance people there stock the restrooms with plenty of toilet paper. It's nice in case the person before you has used all of the previous roll, requiring you to open a new roll. I suppose it's easier for them, too, since they don't have to check the amount of toilet paper in the bathrooms so regularly.

Anyway, I was in need of a fresh roll the other day when I noticed the packaging. It says:

× R.T.P Soft Pearl, Recycle Toilet Paper, Pro Use
○ R.T.P. Soft Pearl, Recycled Toilet Paper, Industrial 

There are several mistakes here, but one of them is pretty funny, I thought. That's the "pro use" part. It sounds like the toilet paper is only for people who are professionals at using toilet paper.

"Yes, sir, I am a butt-wiping professional with 37 years of experience!"

• wipe someone's bottom with a piece of paper（人）のお尻を紙切れで拭く
• butt〈米話〉けつ、しり◆【同】buttocks (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

It seems unnatural to me, and at least I took it wrong the first time I read it. I think the more common expression is "professional use", which often means "for professional use only". That makes it sound like this toilet paper is dangerous.

"No, wait! Don't wipe your butt with that toilet paper! It's for professionals only. You might hurt yourself!"

"Industrial" is often used for things that are used in industrial or commercial environments. On top of that, it's an adjective, so it's easier to use in front of a noun.

The other thing that was funny was their imperative statement: "Recycle Toilet Paper". It sounds like they want me to recycle my toilet paper! Don't you think that's gross?

• imperative statement 命令ステートメント (definition from Eijiro on the Web)
• gross 気持ち悪い、嫌な、ゾッとする、吐き気を催すような、いまいましい、ムカムカさせる、むかつく (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

They mean the toilet paper itself is made from recycled paper, which is nice.

Also be sure to catch the subtle mistake about periods. The extra period is necessary because it's an acronym for "something-starting-with-r", "Taiyo", and "Paper".

• acronym 頭字語 (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

We teach English to professionals and non-professionals both, but we don't have industrial toilet paper in the restroom. It's just stuff from the drug store down the street. Still, I hope you will join us for a lesson soon!

羽田空港は英語の使い方に注意した方が良い。

I was at Haneda Airport the other day, where I saw this sign. It says:

× We are turning off some of lights and temperature.
○ We are turning off some (of the) lights and setting the temperature higher.

The original sentence on the sign seems to use a compound object, meaning an object that has multiple parts which are connected by a conjunction. In this case, that's "some lights and temperature".

The problem is that you can't turn off the temperature. For temperature, you say:

• raise the temperature 温度を上げる
• lower the temperature 温度を下げる

You can say that you turn off an air conditioner, but that's not quite the same meaning.

The other mistake is the usage of "of". After "of", we often use a determiner.

• determiner《文法》限定詞 (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

That means you need a word like "the", "those", "our". If you don't mean to specify, then you shouldn't use "of".

If Haneda wants to be an international airport, they need to get their English right. Some of the visitors to the airport might get a negative impression from these English mistakes. Some mistakes don't cause us to misunderstand, but all mistakes look bad. At any rate, mistakes are like noise, which you should avoid if you can.

I'm looking forward to being able to turn off the air conditioner, but I think that's several weeks away at least. Until then, I'm trying to lower the temperature in the classroom to something comfortable. I hope you will join us in a class sometime soon!

日暮里駅は英語の使い方に注意した方が良い。

I was at Nippori Station the other day, and when I was walking through the station, I noticed this sign on the steps of one staircase.

× No Stair Sky Liner
○ These stairs are not for the Sky Liner.
○ Not the stairs for the Sky Liner.

• staircase【名】〔壁や手すりを含む〕階段 (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

Their phrase puts a noun next to another noun, in this case "stair" and "Sky Liner". When we use one noun in front of another noun, the first noun becomes an adjective to describe the second noun. In their mistake, it sounds like "stair" became an adjective to describe "Sky Liner", which makes no sense.

A correct way to use a noun in front of another noun is like this:

• I always put my computer in a foam case when I'm going to take it somewhere. Some people call this foam case a laptop sleeve.

Notice their other mistake, which is using "stair" instead of "stairs". For example:

× I went up the stair.
○ I went up the stairs.

However, if you use "stairs" as an adjective, drop the "s". That's the rule for using a noun as an adjective: only use singular nouns, even if the meaning is plural.

• A stair climber is a strange kind of exercise machine.

Some days I run up the stairs from the ground floor to the floor my apartment is on. That's good exercise! The next time you are going up a staircase, think about using one noun as an adjective to describe another.

「doubt」と「suspect」の違い

When I was in Sydney last month, I ate at this nice Taiwanese vegetarian restaurant:

http://www.motherchusvegetarian.com.au/

It's a chao shao bao, but instead of barbecued pork, it's a vegetarian version with textured soy protein. The spices they used were great, and it was steamed just right.

× You might doubt that it's meat, but it's not.
○ You might suspect that it's meat, but it's not.

Remember that "doubt" means "think not", but "suspect" means "think".

• doubt ～を疑う◆否定的に (definition from Eijiro on the Web)
• suspect ～を疑わしく思う、～を本当ではないと思う、～を信用しない (definition from Eijiro on the Web)

Both of them are usually used for bad things. For example, I wouldn't say:

× I suspect that the weather will comfortable tonight.
○ I think that the weather will comfortable tonight.

The owner is Mother Chu. I got to talk with her some over the few meals that I ate there, which was a real pleasure. She is in her early 90s, so she could speak Japanese as well. We had a conversation in Chinese and Japanese about what it used to be like in Taiwan and in Sydney, where she has lived for 30 years (I think that is what she said). She even sang an old Japanese song for me.

You might doubt that a woman in her 90s could still work in a restaurant, but Mother Chu was sitting at a table and spoke with many of the customers, though I suspect that she probably doesn't bus tables or do much work in the kitchen. I recommend stopping by her restaurant if you are ever in Sydney. I doubt you will be disappointed.

前置詞の使い方、「retire」の使い方

In a conversation today, somebody said:

× After you retire your company, where will you live?
○ After you retire from your company, where will you live?

It's really tricky to know when a preposition is necessary in English. My suggestion is to memorize sets, like the one above:

• retire from [company]

It works the other way, too. Sometimes Japanese use a preposition when one isn't necessary.

× Have you asked to your friends where they want to retire?
○ Have you asked your friends where they want to retire?

I just visited Australia. It's a nice place, but I am not sure that I would retire there. Even if someone offered me a really cushy job there...

× I'd have to retire from my current job.
○ I'd have to quit my current job.

We usually only use "retire" when talking about someone who doesn't plan to work anymore, usually because of age.

The problem is that I really like my job and life in Tokyo! However, I did eat some nice food like these curries in Sydney. When I really do retire, I hope I can eat good food like this every day.